Dynamic Web Content with PHP Active Page

PHP follows Perl's convention when dealing with arithmetic operations on character variables and not C's. For example, in Perl 'Z'+1 turns into 'AA', while in C 'Z'+1 turns into '[' ( ord('Z') == 90, ord('[') == 91 ). Note that character variables can be incremented but not decremented and even so only plain ASCII characters (a-z and A-Z) are supported.

Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators allow you to turn specific bits within an integer on or off. If both the left- and right-hand parameters are strings, the bitwise operator will operate on the characters' ASCII values.

Warning

Don't right shift for more than 32 bits on 32 bits systems. Don't left shift in case it results to number longer than 32 bits.

Conditional Statements

Sometimes when you write code, you want to perform different actions for different decisions. You can use conditional statements in your code to do this. Conditional statements are the set of commands used to perform different actions based on different conditions. In this tutorial we will look at two structures: if...else and switch statements. Both perform in saw way the same task.

IF ... Else Statement
Switch Statement
Type conversion rules to Boolean

If ... Else Statement

The If Statement is a way to make decisions based upon the result of a condition. For example, you might have a script that checks if boolean value is true or false, if variable contains number or string value, if an object is empty or populated, etc. The condition can be anything you choose, and you can combine conditions together to make for actions that are more complicated.

Use the if statement to execute a statement if a logical condition is true. Use the optional else clause to execute a statement if the condition is false. The syntax for If statement looks as follows:

if (condition) {
statements_1
} else {
statements_2
}

Condition can be any expression that evaluates to true or false. If condition evaluates to true, statements_1 are executed; otherwise, statements_2 are executed. statement_1 and statement_2 can be any statement, including further nested if statements.

You may also compound the statements using elseif to have multiple conditions tested in sequence. You should use this construction if you want to select one of many sets of lines to execute.

if (condition_1) {
   statement_1
}
[elseif (condition_2) {
   statement_2
}]
...
[elseif (condition_n_1) {
   statement_n_1
}]
[else {
   statement_n
}]

Let's have a look at the examples. The first example decides whether a student has passed an exam with a pass mark of 57:

<?php
$result = 70;

if ($result >= 57) {
echo "Pass <br />";
}
else {
echo "Fail <br />";
}
?>

Next example use the elseif variant on the if statement. This allows us to test for other conditions if the first one wasn't true. The program will test each condition in sequence until:

It finds one that is true. In this case it executes the code for that condition.
It reaches an else statement. In which case it executes the code in the else statement.
It reaches the end of the if ... elseif ... else structure. In this case it moves to the next statement after the conditional structure.

<?php
$result = 70;

if ($result >= 75) {
    echo "Passed: Grade A <br />";
}
elseif ($result >= 60) {
    echo "Passed: Grade B <br />";
}
elseif ($result >= 45) {
    echo "Passed: Grade C <br />";
}
else {
    echo "Failed <br />";
}
?>

Switch Statement

Switch statements work the same as if statements. However the difference is that they can check for multiple values. Of course you do the same with multiple if..else statements, but this is not always the best approach.

A switch statement allows a program to evaluate an expression and attempt to match the expression's value to a case label. If a match is found, the program executes the associated statement. The syntax for the switch statement as follows:

switch (expression) {
   case label_1:
      statements_1
      [break;]
   case label_2:
      statements_2
      [break;]
   ...
   default:
     statements_n
     [break;]
}

The program first looks for a case clause with a label matching the value of expression and then transfers control to that clause, executing the associated statements. If no matching label is found, the program looks for the optional default clause, and if found, transfers control to that clause, executing the associated statements. If no default clause is found, the program continues execution at the statement following the end of switch. Use break to prevent the code from running into the next case automatically.

Let's consider an example:

<?php
$flower = "rose";

switch ($flower)
{
case "rose" :
     echo $flower." costs $2.50";
     break;
case "daisy" :
     echo $flower." costs $1.25";
     break;
case "orchild" :
     echo $flower." costs $1.50";
     break;
default :
     echo "There is no such flower in our shop";
     break;
}
?>

However, in addition to simple equality you can also test the expression for other conditions, such as greater than and less than relationships. The expression you are testing against must be repeated in the case statement. Have a look at the example:

<?php
$myNumber = 5;

switch ($myNumber) {
case 0:
    echo "Zero is not a valid value.";
    break;
case $myNumber < 0:
    echo "Negative numbers are not allowed.";
    break;
default:
    echo "Great! Ready to make calculations.";
    break;
}
?>

If an expression successfully evaluates to the values specified in more than one case statement, only the first one encountered will be executed. Once a match is made, PHP stops looking for more matches.

Type conversion rules to Boolean

When converting to Boolean, the following values are considered FALSE:
- boolean False
- integer zero (0)
- double zero (0.0)
- empty string and string "0"
- array with no elements
- object with no elements
- special value NULL
Every other value is considered TRUE.

Looping Statements

In programming it is often necessary to repeat the same block of code a given number of times, or until a certain condition is met. This can be accomplished using looping statements. PHP has two major groups of looping statements: for and while. The For statements are best used when you want to perform a loop a specific number of times. The While statements are best used to perform a loop an undetermined number of times. In addition, you can use the Break and Continue statements within looping statements.

The While Loop
The Do...While Loop
The For Loop
The Foreach Loop
Break and Continue Statements

The While Loop

The While statement executes a block of code if and as long as a specified condition evaluates to true. If the condition becomes false, the statements within the loop stop executing and control passes to the statement following the loop. The While loop syntax is as follows:

while (condition)
{
code to be executed;
}

The block of code associated with the While statement is always enclosed within the { opening and } closing brace symbols to tell PHP clearly which lines of code should be looped through.

While loops are most often used to increment a list where there is no known limit to the number of iterations of the loop. For example:

while (there are still rows to read from a database)
{
read in a row;
move to the next row;
}

Let's have a look at the examples. The first example defines a loop that starts with i=0. The loop will continue to run as long as the variable i is less than, or equal to 10. i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs:

<?php
$i=0;
while ($i <= 10) { // Output values from 0 to 10
echo "The number is ".$i."<br />";
$i++;
}
?>

Now let's consider a more useful example which creates drop-down lists of days, months and years. You can use this code for registration form, for example.

<?php

$month_array = array( "January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June",
                      "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December");

echo "<select name=\"day\">";
$i = 1;
while ( $i <= 31 ) {
   echo "<option value=".$i.">".$i."</option>";
   $i++;
}
echo "</select>";

echo "<select name=\"month\">";
$i = 0;
while ( $i <= 11 ) {
   echo "<option value=".$i.">".$month_array[$i]."</option>";
   $i++;
}
echo "</select>";

echo "<select name=\"year\">";
$i = 1900;
while ( $i <= 2007 ) {
   echo "<option value=".$i.">".$i."</option>";
   $i++;
}
echo "</select>";

?>

Note: Make sure the condition in a loop eventually becomes false; otherwise, the loop will never terminate.

The Do...While Loop

The Do...While statements are similar to While statements, except that the condition is tested at the end of each iteration, rather than at the beginning. This means that the Do...While loop is guaranteed to run at least once. The Do...While loop syntax is as follows:

do
{
code to be exected;
}
while (condition);

The example below will increment the value of i at least once, and it will continue incrementing the variable i as long as it has a value of less than or equal to 10:

<?php
$i = 0;
do {
echo "The number is ".$i."<br/>";
$i++;
}
while ($i <= 10);
?>

The For Loop

The For statement loop is used when you know how many times you want to execute a statement or a list of statements. For this reason, the For loop is known as a definite loop. The syntax of For loops is a bit more complex, though for loops are often more convenient than While loops. The For loop syntax is as follows:

for (initialization; condition; increment)
{
code to be executed;
}

The For statement takes three expressions inside its parentheses, separated by semi-colons. When the For loop executes, the following occurs:

The initializing expression is executed. This expression usually initializes one or more loop counters, but the syntax allows an expression of any degree of complexity.
The condition expression is evaluated. If the value of condition is true, the loop statements execute. If the value of condition is false, the For loop terminates.
The update expression increment executes.
The statements execute, and control returns to step 2.

Have a look at the very simple example that prints out numbers from 0 to 10:

<?php
for ($i=0; $i <= 10; $i++)
{
echo "The number is ".$i."<br />";
}
?>

Next example generates a multiplication table 2 through 9. Outer loop is responsible for generating a list of dividends, and inner loop will be responsible for generating lists of dividers for each individual number:

<?php
echo "<h1>Multiplication table</h1>";
echo "<table border=2 width=50%";

for ($i = 1; $i <= 9; $i++ ) {   //this is the outer loop
  echo "<tr>";
echo "<td>".$i."</td>";

   for ( $j = 2; $j <= 9; $j++ ) { // inner loop
        echo "<td>".$i * $j."</td>";
    }

   echo "</tr>";
}

echo "</table>";
?>

At last let's consider the example that uses 2 variables. One to add all the numbers from 1 to 10. The other to add only the even numbers.

<?php
$total = 0;
$even = 0;

for ( $x = 1, $y = 1; $x <= 10; $x++, $y++ ) {
if ( ( $y % 2 ) == 0 ) {
$even = $even + $y;
}
$total = $total + $x;
}

echo "The total sum: ".$total."<br />";
echo "The sum of even values: ".$even;

?>

The Foreach Loop

The Foreach loop is a variation of the For loop and allows you to iterate over elements in an array. There are two different versions of the Foreach loop. The Foreach loop syntaxes are as follows:

foreach (array as value)
{
   code to be executed;
}

foreach (array as key => value)
{
   code to be executed;
}

The example below demonstrates the Foreach loop that will print the values of the given array:

<?php
$email = array('john.smith@example.com', 'alex@example.com');
foreach ($email as $value) {
echo "Processing ".$value."<br />";
}
?>

PHP executes the body of the loop once for each element of $email in turn, with $value set to the current element. Elements are processed by their internal order. Looping continues until the Foreach loop reaches the last element or upper bound of the given array.

An alternative form of Foreach loop gives you access to the current key:

<?php
$person = array('name' => 'Andrew', 'age' => 21, 'address' => '77, Lincoln st.');
foreach ($person as $key => $value) {
echo $key." is ".$value."<br />";
}
?>

In this case, the key for each element is placed in $key and the corresponding value is placed in $value.

The Foreach construct does not operate on the array itself, but rather on a copy of it. During each loop, the value of the variable $value can be manipulated but the original value of the array remains the same.

Break and Continue Statements

Sometimes you may want to let the loops start without any condition, and allow the statements inside the brackets to decide when to exit the loop. There are two special statements that can be used inside loops: Break and Continue.

The Break statement terminates the current While or For loop and continues executing the code that follows after the loop (if any). Optionally, you can put a number after the Break keyword indicating how many levels of loop structures to break out of. In this way, a statement buried deep in nested loops can break out of the outermost loop.

Examples below show how to use the Break statement:

<?php
echo "<p><b>Example of using the Break statement:</b></p>";

for ($i=0; $i<=10; $i++) {
   if ($i==3){break;}
   echo "The number is ".$i;
   echo "<br />";
}

echo "<p><b>One more example of using the Break statement:</b><p>";

$i = 0;
$j = 0;

while ($i < 10) {
while ($j < 10) {
    if ($j == 5) {break 2;} // breaks out of two while loops
    $j++;
}
$i++;
}

echo "The first number is ".$i."<br />";
echo "The second number is ".$j."<br />";
?>

The Continue statement terminates execution of the block of statements in a While or For loop and continues execution of the loop with the next iteration:

<?php
echo "<p><b>Example of using the Continue statement:</b><p>";

for ($i=0; $i<=10; $i++) {
   if (i==3){continue;}
   echo "The number is ".$i;
   echo "<br />";
}
?>

Dynamic Web Pages with PHP Week 3

Assignment Operators

Comparison Operators

Ternary Operator

Logical Operators

Incrementing/Decrementing Operators